Data Encryption Algorithm with Larger blocks - Feistel cipher using DES as F-function. AES candidate by Outerbridge (1998) based on Knudsen’s design extending DES to 128-bit blocks.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Category | Block Ciphers |
| Sub-category | Block Cipher |
| Security status | ❌ Broken |
| Complexity | Not specified |
| Inventor | Richard Outerbridge (design by Lars Knudsen) |
| Year | 1998 |
| Origin | 🇨🇦 Canada |
| Source | algorithms/block/deal.js |
| Parameter | Supported values |
|---|---|
| Key sizes | 16 bytes (128 bits) to 32 bytes (256 bits) in steps of 8 bytes |
| Block sizes | 16 bytes (128 bits) |
Status: ❌ Broken
DEAL was an AES candidate but was rejected due to performance issues and cryptanalytic vulnerabilities. Inherits DES weaknesses and has additional structural issues.
| Issue | Description | Mitigation |
|---|---|---|
| Based on DES - inherits DES weaknesses and has additional vulnerabilities | — | — |
| Performance issues - Triple-DES level performance making it impractical | — | — |
| Cryptanalytic attacks exist against DEAL variants, especially DEAL-192 | — | — |
3 vectors ship with this algorithm and run in the test suite. Byte values are hexadecimal.
Vector 1 — DEAL-128 All Zeros Test
Source: Educational test vector based on enhanced DEAL structure
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
key |
00000000000000000000000000000000 |
input |
00000000000000000000000000000000 |
expected |
74169b48b45345a9109c60f817f38860 |
Vector 2 — DEAL-128 Pattern Test
Source: Educational test vector with pattern input
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
key |
fedcba9876543210fedcba9876543210 |
input |
0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef |
expected |
79828f5a2ed701b6d0b0a0cff6781950 |
Vector 3 — DEAL-256 Extended Key Test
Source: Educational test vector for 256-bit keys (8 rounds)
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
key |
0000000000000000111111111111111122222222222222223333333333333333 |
input |
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff |
expected |
9f74751d6a2dbfcfd1d1d254cb1c003d |